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Lesson Plan June 14, 2024

Topic: Modal Verbs 05 - Past Forms

Section A - Have to, Must

• We use the past tense had to for “have to” and “must”

  • I had to leave early this morning.

Section B - Mustn’t

• We cannot use mustn’t to talk about the past. We use other structures

  • We couldn’t arrive late.

  • We weren’t allowed to smoke.

Section C - Needn’t

• We use needn’t + past participle

  • You needn’t have told him.

NOTE

• “I needn’t have (done)” and “I didn’t need to do” are different structures and different meanings

  • “I needn’t have (done) something” = I did something that I thought was necessary, but now I know that it was not necessary

    • I needn’t have told her. She already knew.

  • If something was not necessary in the past, we use didn’t need to or didn’t have to

    • I didn’t need to go to bed so early, but I was tired.

    • I didn’t have to go to bed so early, but I was tired.

Section D - Should / Shouldn’t

• We use should / shouldn’t + past participle

  • He failed his exams. He should have studied harder.

  • He failed his exams. He shouldn’t have been so lazy.

Dialogue

A: Makiko, you needn’t have come. Today’s English class is cancelled. Didn’t you get the email?
B: No, I didn’t. I guess I shouldn’t have left without checking my email.
A: I’m sorry. I should have called you to make sure.

Lesson Notes

• Do some insects drink the sap inside plants and trees?

• Maple syrup is made from the sap of the sugar maple tree in parts of Canada.

• The city will need to plant many young trees to replace the older ones that will need to be cut down.

Vocabulary

• Sap; (noun) the clear liquid that inside a tree and plant

Modal Verbs 05

First Set of Questions

1 Nobody knows exactly why he died. But we think it might have been an accident.

• We can use might/may have + past participle to talk about something that perhaps happened or was true.

• We can use can't but not can as a modal verb of deduction.

• It might have been an accident. = Maybe it was an accident.

2 I should have studied more for the exam. I was lazy, and now I'll fail!

• We can use should have + past participle to talk about a situation that we expected to happen in the past, but it didn’t.

• We often use this form to express criticism.

3 Sarah looked very happy. She must have passed her driving test.

• We can use must have + past participle to say that we are quite sure that something was true or happened in the past.

• She must have passed her driving test. = I'm sure she passed.

4 I didn't know you were going to Miki’s party yesterday. You should have told me!

• We can use should have + past participle to talk about a situation that we expected to happen in the past, but it didn’t.

• We often use this form to express criticism.

5 I can't believe Jim hasn't arrived yet. He must have taken the wrong train.

• We can use must have + past participle to say that we are quite sure that something was true or happened in the past.

• He must have taken the wrong train. = I’m sure he took the wrong train.

6 I can't believe Jim hasn't arrived yet. He can’t have taken the correct train.

• We can use can’t/couldn’t have + past participle to say that we are quite sure that something did NOT happen or was NOT true in the past.

• He can't have taken the right train.= I'm quite sure he didn't take the right train.

7 You couldn’t have been ill yesterday. Jessie saw you at the bowling alley.

• We can use can’t/couldn’t have + past participle to say that we are quite sure that something did NOT happen or was NOT true in the past.

• We can use must but not mustn't as a modal verb of deduction.

• You couldn't have been ill.= I'm quite sure you weren't ill.

8 I don't know where they went but they could have gone to Paris or Marseille.

• We can use could/might/may have + past participle to talk about something that perhaps happened or was true.

• We can use can't but not can as a modal verb of deduction.

• They could have gone to Paris or Marseille.= Perhaps they went Paris or Marseille.

9 You should have paid more attention. Now we are lost.

• We can use should/ought to have + past participle to talk about a situation that we expected to happen in the past, but it didn’t.

• We often use this form to express criticism.

10 The window was broken, so the thieves must have got in through that window.

• We can use must have + past participle to say that we are quite sure that something was true or happened in the past.

• The thieves must have got in through that window. = I'm quite sure the thieves got in through that window.

Second Set of Questions

1 I'm sorry but Mr. Banks isn't here. He must have left.

• We can use must have + past participle to say that we are quite sure that something was true or happened in the past.

• He must have left. = I'm sure he left.

2 We really enjoyed the movie. You should have come with us.

• We can use should/ought to have + past participle to talk about a situation that we expected to happen in the past, but it didn’t. Or something we expected not to happen and it happened.

• We often use this form to express criticism.

3 They can’t have bought a new house. They are both unemployed.

• We can use can’t/couldn’t have + past participle to say that we are quite sure that something did NOT happen or was NOT true in the past.

• They can’t have bought a new house. = I'm sure they haven't bought a new house.

4 He studied nothing and passed the exam, so he must have cheated.

• We can use must have + past participle to say that we are quite sure that something was true or happened in the past.

• He must have cheated. = I'm sure he cheated.

5 My car isn't there anymore! It might have been stolen while I was shopping.

• We can use might/may/could have + past participle to talk about something that perhaps happened or was true.

• It might have been stolen.= Maybe it was stolen.

6 You shouldn’t have broken up with her; she was perfect for you.

• We can use should/ought to have + past participle to talk about a situation that we expected to happen in the past, but it didn’t. Or something we expected not to happen and it happened.

• We often use this form to express criticism.

7 He might have killed him, but we need more evidence.

• We can use might/may/could have + past participle to talk about something that perhaps happened or was true.

• He might have killed him.= Maybe he killed him.

8 Alex must have studied very hard, because she got top marks in all the exams.

• We can use must have + past participle to say that we are quite sure that something was true or happened in the past.

• Alex must have studied very hard. = I'm sure Alex studied very hard.

9
A: ’I can't find my keys.'
B: ’Have you checked in your car. You might have left them there.'

• We can use might/may/could have + past participle to talk about something that perhaps happened or was true.

• You might have left them there.= Maybe you left them there.

10 We may not have bought enough beer for the party.

• We can use might not/may not + past participle to talk about something that perhaps did not happen or was not true.

• We may not have bought enough beer for the party.= Maybe we didn't buy enough beer.